European and North American Railway

From TrainSpottingWorld, for Rail fans everywhere

Template:Infobox Railroad

The European and North American Railway (E&NA) is the name for three historic Canadian and American railways which were built in New Brunswick and Maine.

The idea of the E&NA as a single system was conceived at a railway conference in Portland, Me. in 1850 by railroad entrepreneur John A. Poor. The line was intended to link Portland (the eastern terminus of the US rail network) with an ice-free Atlantic port in Nova Scotia to connect with fast trans-Atlantic ships from Europe; the port at Halifax, N.S. was discussed as a possible eastern terminus for the line, as was Canso, N.S..

The concept was also discussed throughout the early 1850s in New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Maine as a means to connect the British colonies with the railway network of the United Province of Canada. Poor himself was also promoting a connection from Portland to Richmond and built the A&SL/SL&A, opening in 1853, the same year it was purchased by Grand Trunk. Poor stood to benefit from a dual flow of traffic from the Maritimes to New England and the Maritimes to the Canadas.

E&NA "Eastern Extension" (Saint John, N.B. to Shediac, N.B.)

The railway most commonly referred to as the E&NA in Canada was built between Saint John, N.B. and Shediac, N.B. as a segment of Poor's vision of a Portland-Nova Scotia line.

The initial ownership of the line is unclear, however the European and North American Railway Co. was incorporated in New Brunswick following the Portland conference with the intention being to start construction east toward Nova Scotia. Both Saint John, N.B. and St. Andrews, N.B. were vying for the E&NA to begin in their respective communities, however Saint John managed to convince the company to begin on the east side of the Saint John River.

Saint John also managed to convince the company to forego plans to build into Nova Scotia by concentrating on reaching the Northumberland Strait first. This would give the city a steamship connection through the Gulf of St. Lawrence to Canada East, as well as allow coal and other goods from northeastern Nova Scotia avoid the circuitous and hazardous transit around Nova Scotia.

Construction started in 1853, heading northeast from Saint John up the Kennebecasis River valley. Unfortunately construction did not proceed very far and the company went bankrupt in 1856 with the colonial government of New Brunswick taking over the company's line in 1857.

That year saw construction proceed apace under a newly reincorporated government-owned European and North American Railway Co. Canada's first civil engineering graduate, H.G.C. Ketchum, from the University of New Brunswick, was employed in the surveying and construction of the line. Ketchum surveyed a high-capacity railway with long tangent sections and minimal grades between Saint John and Moncton.

The first section of the E&NA opened between Shediac and Moncton on August 20, 1857; a distance of 16.8 miles. Although the Shediac-Moncton section was the first part opened, the line was soon extended 2 miles east to the better wharf facilities at Point du Chene, N.B. The line had been surveyed to extend from Cape Brule, N.B., 2 miles further east of Point du Chene all the way to Saint John, however the sheltered harbour at Point du Chene won out over the more exposed Cape Brule location.

Meanwhile the line between Hampton, N.B. and Saint John opened in 1859 and the remaining section between Moncton and Hampton was opened in 1860. Unfortunately the E&NA never progressed east from Moncton to its stated goal of Nova Scotia. By the late 1850s, the Nova Scotia Railway had already built a line from Halifax, N.S. to Truro, N.S. with a stated ambition of building westward to link with the E&NA in New Brunswick, thus the E&NA stook with its Saint John-Shediac line for several years. The missing link between Truro and Moncton was finally built by the Intercolonial Railway.

The E&NA's "Eastern Extension" locomotive shops and headquarters were located in Shediac until it was taken over by the Intercolonial Railway, which then moved them to Moncton.

E&NA "Western Extension" (South Bay, N.B. to St. Croix, N.B.)

Less well-known was the railway most commonly referred to as the E&NA Western Extension which was built between South Bay, N.B. (immediately west of Saint John) and St. Croix, N.B. on the International Boundary.

In 1864, the colonial government in New Brunswick incorporated a company called the European and North American Railway Co. to build the "Western Extension" of the E&NA system. The 90 mile railway was subsequently surveyed later that year and a contract for construction was awarded to E.R. Burpee. On November 9, 1865 the first sod was turned at South Bay, N.B. by the mayor of Saint John. By August 14, 1869 the line was opened between South Bay and Hartts Mills, N.B. (later renamed Fredericton Junction). On November 17, 1869 the line was completely opened from the International Boundary at St. Croix east to Saint John.

E&NA "Maine" (Bangor, Me. to Vanceboro, Me.)

The E&NA incorporated in Maine as the European and North American Railway Co. following the Portland conference in 1850. Subsequent delays over the next 15 years saw its charter revised to run from Bangor, Me. to Vanceboro, Me. on the International Boundary opposite St. Croix, N.B.

Construction finally began with the section from Bangor to Olamon, Me. opening in 1868 and Olamon to Mattawamkeag, Me. opening in 1869. The 114 mile line was finally completed to Vanceboro, Me. in October 1871, linking the E&NA (Maine) to the E&NA (Western Extension) at Vanceboro-St. Croix. A ceremony celebrating completion of the line was attended at the boundary bridge crossing the St. Croix River (by U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant and Canadian Governor General Lord Lisgar.

Synopsis of Portland-Halifax railway line

Although the entire Portland to Halifax line that was envisioned at the Portland conference in 1850 was not built by the E&NA per se, several portions of this system were built by other companies as follows:

Subsequent disposition of Portland-Halifax railway line

Although the Portland to Halifax railway line remains in operation, various sections of the line have undergone several corporate changes over the years:

Halifax-Saint John

  • The Intercolonial Railway took over the Nova Scotia Railway and E&NA "Eastern Extension" on November 9, 1872, following completion of its connection between Truro and Moncton. The E&NA "Eastern Extension" was standard gauged on November 11, 1872.

Saint John-St. Croix

  • The E&NA "Western Extension" was operated by the New Brunswick government separately from the E&NA "Eastern Extension" and thus did not get included in the takeover by the Intercolonial Railway, which was focused exclusively on building and operating a railway from Halifax to Quebec. The E&NA "Western Extension" was standard gauged by 1877.

Vanceboro-Bangor

  • In 1955 MEC purchased the entire 114 mile E&NA "Maine" for $125 per share or $3,114,500 payable in cash or bonds.
  • On December 17, 1974 the CPR purchased the 56 mile Mattawamkeag to Vanceboro section from MEC for $5.4 million, although MEC maintained trackage rights. MEC maintained ownership of the 58 mile Bangor to Mattawamkeag section.
  • In 1981, MEC was purchased by Guilford Rail System, which continues to operate the Bangor to Mattawamkeag section as of 2005.
  • CPR applied to abandon the Mattawamkeag-Vanceboro section effective January 1, 1995 however it was subsequently taken over by Eastern Maine Railway which continues to operate the line as of 2005.

Portland-Bangor

  • The Maine Central was created in 1862 and was sold to Guilford Rail System in 1981. GRS continues to operate the line as of 2005.

de:European and North American Railway

Retrieved from "https://train.spottingworld.com/wiki/index.php?title=European_and_North_American_Railway&oldid=7919"